本文目录
- 武陵源介绍（英文）
- hart协议手操器的支持设备种类
- 谁有一些比较少人知道的好听歌曲
- 求动物或昆虫捕食的知识
- 【讨论】怎样计算出来气体流量
- 翻译一下要流畅速求
- 求民谣的英文介绍
- 关于锻炼的英语谚语
- 最简单的英语手抄报谚语
- 简单介绍 Country / Folk 流派
武陵源介绍（英文）
Wuling source scenery scenic spot position northeast Hunan Province.The scenery scenic spot area scope is the east longitude 110°20“30“ ~ 110°41’ 15“ North latitude 29°16’ 25“~ 29°24’ 25“ Total area 390.8 square kilometers, among,periphery safety-strip area 126.8 square kilometers. Is situated atnorth the central Asia tropics the climatic region, is 山原 thehumid climate. In the area the quartz sand rock pillar peak has 3,103,the kilometer take 上峰 column 243, the high point as the rabbitfull moon peak, the elevation 1264.5 meters; Boundary minister of theinterior 2,000 meter above run-off ditch 32, the total length amountsto 84.6 kilometers, among, is most famous by Jin Bianxi. The peak isthree cliffs canyons place at most, often lives in contentment for themountain person sets up camp place, most famous has the Huang Shihstronghold, the hawk nest stronghold, the percussion instrumentstronghold, hides the official stronghold and so on. The Wuling source is the biological treasure house, in the area theplant vertical climatic zone spectrum obvious, the group falls thestructure integrity, the ecosystem is balanced, is the Chinese - Japan植物区系 Central China plant area, is this plant area core region,is containing the multitudinous ancient precious plant and the Chinaunique plant resources. Forest 覆盖率 reaches 88%. The higher planthas 3,000 kinds, xylophyte has the l07 branch, 250 is, 700 kinds.First batch includes “China Rarely and preciously Is in imminentdanger Protection Plant Name list“ the key protection plant to have 35kinds. The land fresh vertebrate has 50 branches, 116 kinds, is thecountry grade one protected animal 3 kind, the national two levels ofprotections animals 10 kind, the national three levels of protectionsanimals 17 kinds. In 1988 the State Council examined and approved the Wuling source forthe national key scenery scenic spot area, and the authorizedestablishment province governed 张家界 the city, established theWuling source area people’s government, strengthened the sceneryscenic spot area the protection and the management. In December, 1992,the Wuling source is officially included by the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as the naturalheritage “World Inheritance Name list“. Natural heritage Has the prominent value the geological landform The Wuling source in the areal structure system, is in the newChina third upheaval zone. In the long geologic history time, hasapproximately experienced a Wuling snowy peak, Indo-China, Mt.yanshan, happy Shan Jixin the tectonic movement. The Wuling - snowypeak movement has established the home court basal structure. TheIndo-Chinese movement has molded the home court fundamentalconstruction landform rack, but happy Shan Jixin the tectonic movementforms one of Wuling source unusual silicarenite peak forest landformlandscape most basic intrinsic factors. The constitution sandstone peak forest landform stratum mainly by thefar paleozoic group in, the Upper Devonian 云台 view group and theHuang family pillar group constitutes, stratum demonstration 滨海相clastic rock class characteristic. Crag lithical pure, level thick,the bottom shape is gentle, the vertical festival principle growth,the rock appears to the syncline outline, reflected the sandstone peakforest landform landscape forms special geologic structure environmentand basic condition. But the external force geology mobilizationerosion and the gravity collapse and its the biological biochemistryfunction and the physical weathering function, then molds the Wulingsource landform landscape essential external condition. Therefore, itsformation is in the specific geological environment because inside andoutside the geological gravity mutually affects for a long timeresult. Unusual varied landform landscape * Silicarenite peak forest landform: The Wuling sourcealtogether has pinnacle 3,103, the peak body distributes in theelevation 500 ~ 1,100 meters, is highly different by several dozensmeters to 400 meters. Peak forest modelling scenery 体完 US dollarlacks, if person, if god, if immortal, if birds and beasts, if beast,if the thing, is eternally changing. The Wuling source silicarenitepeak forest landform characteristic is: The nature pure, the stone isthick, the quartz content is 75% ~ 95%, rock layer thick 520 meters.Has the layered measure structure, namely 厚层 the silicareniteclamps the thin layer, extremely the thin layer mica siltstone or theshale, this measure structure is advantageous to the natural modellingsculpture, the enhancement vivid feeling. The rock layer exposes tothe syncline outline produces the shape to be gentle (5° ~ 8°,partially most greatly reaches 20°), increased the rock stability,rose straight from the ground for the peak forest has provided theprecondition. The rock layer vertical festival principle growth,demonstrated 等距 the characteristic, the spacing is ordinary 15 to20 meters, was molds the differ in thousands of ways peak forestlandform shape and the profound canyon has provided the condition. Based on the above factor, adds it in the region new tectonic movementintermittence 抬升, inclines, the erosion cuts, the action ofgravity, the physical weathering function, the biochemistry and theroot divides and so on under the many kinds of 外营力 functions,Shan Tize forms the peak forest according to the complex naturalevolution process, demonstrated Gao Jun, goes against, 壁陡and so onthe characteristic evenly. * Structure 溶蚀 landform: The Wuling source structure 溶蚀landform, mainly appears to the permian is, three packs is thecarbonate distributes the area, the area amounts to 30.6 squarekilometers, may divide is five subgroups, mays be called is “thewestern Hunan“ the karst landscape typical representative. The mainshape has dissolves the grain, dissolves the mark, dissolves the nest,dissolves fights, dissolves the ditch, dissolves the trough, Shi Ya,buries Shi Ya, the hoodoo, goes through a hole, the marsh land, ShiMo, the funnel, falls the water-dunnel, the shaft, the roof louvrewindow, Fu Liu, the buried river, the karst spring and so on. Thelimestone cave mainly concentrates north the rope brook valley rivervalley the side and south emperor Shandong the reason, always amountsto dozens of. Is most typical by the yellow natural tunnel, is called“the speleology research treasure house“, has the tour and theexploration aspect special value in the speleology. * Disintegration structure landform: Distributes to 志留系 thedetritus area, sees and three subgroups: The clastic rock Zhongshan单面山 landform, distributes to silicarenite peak forest landscapeperiphery and faces upwards area the view utmost point from Ma Jingjieto the white tiger hall; The carp keel V valley Zhongshan landform,distributes in places such as lake level ground, Shijia valley, Huangfamily level ground; The clastic rock low mountain landform,distributes in the Zhongshan outflow boundary, the hillsidecomparatively slow, the river valley assumes open V. * The river valley corrosion piles up the landform: This type maydivide into in front of the mountain to flush Hong Shan, the step andthe high tidal flat. Former distributes to shapinging the village,grows Yu Chaqi valley - Shi Jiayu area the valley mouth; Rope brookboth banks grow two 级阶, two levels for the base step place, outdothe river surface 3 - 10 meters; Armed force grounds around a house -Yu Jiazui a high tidal flat growth, the area amounts to 4 ~ 5 squarekilometers. West the complete ecosystem Wuling source is located the plateau Asiaarea with the eastern part knoll plain Asia area edge, northeast meetsHubei, west goes directly to places such as Shennongjia, southwestassociation Yu Qiandong Fanjing. Each place biology mutually seeps,species rich, specially here terrain complex, slope steep ditch deep,in addition climate temperate, rainfall rich, the forest growth isluxuriant, has provided the good environmental condition to themultitudinous species survival and the multiplication. Adds the Wulingsource transportation inconveniently, the sparse population, are been less the jamming, thus has preserved the rich biological resources,becomes the our country multitudinous child to lose the plant and therare and precious zoology and botany centralism distributed area.According to the textual research, does for hundred year Wuling sourcenever to have bigger climatic anomalies, soil erosion, the crag bodyavalanche or the forest plant disease greatly has and so on thephenomenon, proved the Wuling source maintained a structure to bereasonable and the also complete ecosystem, had the extremelyimportant scientific research value. * Wuling source plant resources extremely rich: In multitudinousplant, Wuling pine distribution broadest, quantity most, the shape ismost wonderful, has “in the Wuling source 3,000 peaks, the peak has108,000 pines“ the reputation. 古树 is in the natural heritage “the live cultural relic“. TheWuling source 古树 famous wood has ancient, is big, the treasure,wonderfully, many characteristics. The god hall bay, the black firbrain preservation has the complete virgin forest. 张家界 villagegingko 古树 reaches as high as 44 meters, the tree diameter at chestheight is 1.59 meters, is called in the natural heritage the livefossil. The growth to the kidney stronghold Chinese dove tree, isnational level of protections precious trees. These plant idioplasmresources, have the extremely high scientific research value, theirsurvival environment, 林相 the structure and its the protection, thepreservation and so on all are the significant research topic. * Precious wild rare and precious animal: The Wuling source belongs toJapan in the animal geographic distribution west, the Chinese centralarea, is located the mountainous region plateau Asia area and east thearea department knoll plain Asia area junction demarcation line edge.Here terrain complex, climate temperate, rainfall rich, passes throughthe long-term corroded decency, the silicarenite constitution gianthigh peak different stone, the slope steep ditch is deep, adds theforest cover, for the animal the life, the multiplication has createdthe good environmental condition. After the preliminary examination,the land fresh vertebrate altogether has 50 branches 116 kinds,including “National Key Protection Animal Name list“ center grade oneprotected animal 3 kinds, two levels of protections animals 10 kinds.In what the Wuling source animal world, are more is 猕 the monkey,according to the preliminary observation statistics is above 300. Thenative is called “the baby fish“ big gill, then sees in the brook, thespring, the deep pool. The research animal ecology in the Wulingsource ecosystem function and two relations, has the importantscientific value regarding the protection animal and the maintenanceecological equilibrium. In the precious geological vestige landscape Wuling source Echo Wallin the Devonian system stratum the granulated substance grain andjumps nearby the fish deep pool on the rock painting 波痕, is therare geological vestige, not only may supply the visit, moreover isstudies the ancient environment and the sea land vicissitude evidence.Distributes in the emperor mountain permian is in the stratum coralfossil, the shape like turtle back pattern, therefore called “theturtle grain stone“, is the sculpture each kind of handicraft verygood material. The colorful climate landscape Wuling source spring, the summer, thefall, the winter, cloudy, are clear, the dynasty, evening, the climate11,000. The fog is the meteorological marvelous sight which the Wulingsource most sees, has the fog, the cloud sea, the cloud, the cloudwaterfall and the cloud five kind of shapes. After the rain ceasesraining, first is the fat dim big fog, subsequently changes into thewhite clouds, indistinctly sinks floats, group peak in limitless cloudsea appear and disappear from time to time during, if the Penglaiimmortal island, 玉宇 the fine jade building, places oneself,graceful, sometimes the cloud sea has risen the peak, then blots outthe sky the potential, flies rolls straight flows swiftly, changesinto the cloud waterfall, splendid sight. Rosy cloud date. Whenever the cloudless day early morning, a turn ofred glowing sun in under red cloud accompanying, raises slowly fromwonderful Shan Yifeng; Evening, accompanies the all colors rosy cloudslowly to drop, that stands in great numbers the peak stone, underrosy cloud bathing, reveals the rhyme posture gracefully, particularlyis enchanting. Moonlit night. Same month star thin time, silences reigns, the peakforest under the bright moonlight, puts on layer upon layer the foggauze, brims with 幽 is being wonderful, the mystical feeling. Winter snow. After the winter snow, layer upon layer the mountainrange, the place place pinnacle, 银装素裹, ices the curtain tohang down, jade leaf 琼枝, exquisitely carved, turns in the fairytale the crystal world. Esthetics value The scenery esthetics characteristic Wuling source estheticscharacteristic, may summarize for is wonderful, Austria, Xiu, 幽, thewild five characters. Wuling source peak stone unusual, rises straightfrom the ground, steep is lofty, Feng Feng relies on, layer upon layerfolds. Ascends catwalk place and so on emperor mountain, Huang Shihstronghold, the bird’s eye view thousand peaks ten thousand gullies,like ten thousand 丛珊瑚 stemming from blue sea abyss, immeasurablydeep, infinitely subtle. Wuling source vegetation luxuriant, typemany, especially by Wuling source pine growth unusual, modellingwonderful beautiful, either towers the peak, either is hanging thecliff, either horizontally lies the peak crack, its shape plain, itspotential is vigorous, its god 邈远, for person by esthetic senseand spiritual inspiration. Wuling source varied many condition brooks,spring, lake, waterfall, its nature pure, its taste glycol is fresh,for person feeling of by the good-looking smooth god. Wuling sourcecloud fog sea, 神秘莫测, ever changing, from time to time thetranspiration fills the air, from time to time flows out drops, fromtime to time spreads out all over the condensation, from time to timeextends the volume to be elegant... ... Composes makes the illusionboundary which one is enchanted by. Wuling source undergroundlimestone cave sublime mysterious, the construction scenery isenchanting, full of beauty and significance. The varied and colourfulnatural landscape organically arranges the combination, mutuallyserves as contrast, enhances one another’s beauty, constitutes theempty dharmadhatu to aid, to contain the free scenery happiest extent,has
hart协议手操器的支持设备种类
HHT型手操器已支持HART设备种类清单：
HHT型手操器目前已支持九十多个厂商的两百多种HART 智能设备。下表列举了其中
部分仪表厂商的HART 智能设备型号。 设备制造商 设备型号 设备类型 ABB PTH Pressure TB82PH pH Analytical TEU 211 Temperature TS 11 Temperature AS800 Pressure TS 11 Temperature TZID Valve FSM4000 Flow 2600T-268 Pressure KST Temperature 263/265,2000T Pressure ACCUTECH PRESS/DP XMTR Pressure AI1500 Temperature Ametek NEWTHERMOX Analytical Analytical Technology Inc. D12 Analytical Anderson Instrument Company ANDRSN1 Pressure Apparatebau Hundsbach MT115 Temperature Badger Meter Primo Advanced Flow BERTHOLD LB491 Analytical LB460 Level Bopp & Reuther Messtechnik UMC2 Flow DIMF Analytical Bourdon Haenni FLEXBAR 3501 Pressure FLEXTOP HRT Temperature Brooks Instrument TRI20 Flow BTG HCM-8000 Analytical Det-Tronics X3301 Analytical Draeger Polytron 7000 Analytical Duon System APT3200 Pressure Dynisco IPXII Pressure Endress & Hauser TMT182 Temperature TMT142 Temperature TMD832 Temperature MyPro pH Analytical FMU860 Level CERABS /Cerabar S Pressure PROMAG33 Flow TMT182 Temperature FINT PIR 2000 Analytical Fisher Controls DVC6000 Valve DVC2000 Valve Fluid Components ST98 Flow Foxboro I/A PRESSURE Pressure IMV 25/30 Pressure IMT25 Flow FOXBORO ECKARDT TSV175 Temperature DMU130 Pressure SRD991 Valve Fuji FCX-A/C Pressure FRC Temperature General Monitors, Inc. IR4000M Analytical IR400 Analytical FL4000 Analytical S4000CH Analytical S4000TH Analytical GP:50 MDL 400 Pressure HACH LANGE SI792P Analytical Harold Beck and Sons, Inc. ESR-D Valve Hengesbach TE 52 Temperature Honeywell ST3000 Pressure STT25T Temperature HWFLOW/Mage W Plus Flow Huakong HK TT01 Temperature INOR MESO Temperature Kajaani Process Measurements KC/3 Analytical Klay Instruments Klay 2000 Pressure/Level Pressure Knick 2211 CondI Analytical Kongsberg Maritime GT400 Pressure KOSO EP1000/SPS2000 Valve Krohne IFC 300 Flow ESKII Flow BM70 Level LABOM PASCAL CI Pressure Lanlian Instruments LSIII Pressure Pressure Magnetrol Model TA2 Flow Masoneilan-Dresser SVI II ESD Valve HDLT Level Metso Automation MCAi Analytical PSMART Pressure Mettler Toledo CondI7100 Analytical Micro Motion MVD Series 1000 Analog Output Flow MVD Series 1000 Config I/O Flow MVD Series 1000 IS Output Flow MVD Series 2000 Analog Output Flow MVD Series 2000 Config I/O Flow MVD Series 2000 IS Output Flow 9739 Mass flo Flow M-System Co. B6U Temperature Ohmart DSTH/LSTH Level Oval ULTRAOVAL Flow Panametrics x868 Flow Paper Machine Components SMT-EL Pressure Ohmart DSTH/LSTH Level Oval ULTRAOVAL Flow Panametrics x868 Flow Paper Machine Components SMT-EL Pressure PEPPERL+FUCHS CorrTran Analytical Phase Dynamics Analyzer Analytical Phoenix_Contact MCR-TS-LP Temperature PMV D3 Valve PR Electronics T55 Temperature PRIME Measurement Products 343 Temperature 330 Pressure Pyromation Inc. Series442 Temperature Rosemount Vortex Flow 3300 Level 3095C Level 8800D Flow 248 Temperature Temperature 8732 Flow 1151 Pressure 3051C Pressure Vortex Flow 3095MV Flow 644 Temp Temperature 2088 Smart Pressure 5400 Level 3144P SIS Temperature Rosemount Analytic 2081 pH Analytical Rueger S95 HRT Temperature Saab Tank Control 5600 Level Satron Instruments V-series Pressure SIC PES Pressure HVP1114 Valve FLOW MASTER Flow SICK MAIHAK FLOWSIC 600 Flow Siemens SITRANS P HS Pressure SITRANS P DSIII Pressure SITRANS FUS Flow SITRANS LR Level SITRANS TW Temperature SITRANS TH300 Temperature Siemens Milltronics PI 86x PROBE Level SITRANS LR300 Level LR 200 Level Sitrans Probe LU 12m Level Probe LR Level MSP2002 Level SIPAI DDY Pressure SDDY Pressure Smar LD301 Pressure TT301 Temperature DT301 Analytical SMC IP8101 Valve Sparling Instruments FM6XX Flow Status Instruments SEM 300 Temperature Thermo Measure Tech 4790 Level 3680 Dens Analytical NDMi Analytical TOKYO KEISO FW-9000 Level Toshiba LF220 Flow AP3100 Pressure TRACERCO PRI-150 Level Turbo Intermag-Transmag Flow Tyco Valves & Controls SmartCal Valve VEGA Puls68 Level Viatran 970 Pressure WELLTECH SHANGHAI WT2000 Pressure Westlock Controls ICOT Valve WIKA UniTrans Pressure T32 Temperature Yamatake MagneW Flow ST3000 Pressure SVP Valve ThermoPlus ATT Temperature Yokogawa YTA70E Temperature DYF Flow RAMC Flow RCCT_F3 Flow ADMAG SE Flow YTA70E Temperature YTA Temperature DYF Flow ZR202 Analytical YEWFLO Flow YT200 Temperature UNICOM Pressure EJA Pressure ADMAG AE Flow YTA Temperature EJX Pressure YTA Temperature AXFA11 Flow AXFA14 Flow
谁有一些比较少人知道的好听歌曲
我的iTunes里従a到i的歌
キラキラ aiko
ある日のひまわり aiko
より道 aiko
キラキラ(instrumental) aiko
青い光 aiko
恋人同士 aiko
エナジー aiko
明日もいつも通りに aiko
かばん aiko
恋の涙 aiko
ビードロの夜 aiko
爱のしぐさ aiko
ずっと近くに aiko
Smooch! aiko
花风 aiko
三国駅 aiko
星物语 aiko
三国駅 aiko
ハチミツ aiko
小鸟公园 aiko
三国駅(instrumental) aiko
热 aiko
彼の落书き aiko
アンドロメダ aiko
ふれていたい aiko
梦のダンス aiko
蝶々结び aiko
ライン aiko
帽子と水着と水平线 aiko
すべての夜 aiko
えりあし aiko
白い服黒い服 aiko
风招き aiko
天の川 aiko
4.云は白リンゴは赤(instrumenta aiko
シーソーの海 aiko
まつげ aiko
云は白リンゴは赤 aiko
タイムカプセル as
sky(album version) as
远くまで as
深呼吸 as
Drive as
帰り道 as
仆はずっと as
カケラ as
No matter what you say as
おやすみ as
月灯り as
and song-dear my song- as
Angou no Waltz ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
World Apart ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Blackout ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Sakurasou ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Rojiura no Usagi ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Blue Train ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Mafuyu no Dance ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Butterfly ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Senseless ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Gekkou ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
Tightrope ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
F?E?A?R B’z
ギリギリchop (Version 51) B’z
Brotherhood B’z
ながい爱 B’z
梦のような日々 B’z
银の翼で翔べ B’z
その手で触れてごらん B’z
流れゆく日々 B’z
SKIN B’z
イカせておくれ! B’z
SHINE B’z
ALL-OUT ATTACK B’z
Happy Birthday B’z
MONSTER B’z
OCEAN～2006Mix～ B’z
SPLASH! B’z
ケムリの世界 B’z
ネテモサメテモ B’z
ピエロ B’z
ゆるぎないものひとつ B’z
冲动 ～MONSTER Mix～ B’z
恋のサマーセッション B’z
明日また阳が升るなら B’z
无言のPromise B’z
雨だれぶるーず B’z
Dear my lovely pain B’z
OCEAN B’z
なりふりかまわず抱きしめて B’z
SPLASH! B’z
MVP B’z
いつかのメリークリスマス B’z
ALONE B’z
今夜月の见える丘に B’z
HOME B’z
Calling B’z
TIME B’z
消えない虹 B’z
月光 B’z
ハピネス B’z
もう一度キスしたかった B’z
泣いて泣いて泣きやんだら B’z
ONE B’z
Everlasting B’z
GOLD B’z
SNOW B’z
You Make Me Smile Blue October
She’s My Ride Home Blue October
Into the Ocean Blue October
What if We Could Blue October
Hate Me Blue October
Let it Go Blue October
Congratulations (Feat. Imogen Blue October
Overweight Blue October
X Amount of Words Blue October
Drilled A Wire Through My Chee Blue October
Sound of Pulling Heaven Down Blue October
Everlasting Friend Blue October
18th Floor Balcony Blue October
almost in love CHEMISTRY
Two As One CHEMISTRY
キミがいる (MATALLY New Era Mix) CHEMISTRY
almost in love -Instrumental- CHEMISTRY
Intro-lude Chemistry
Us Chemistry
YOUR NAME NEVER GONE Chemistry
my Rivets Chemistry
This age Chemistry
Bound for Identity～dear friend～ Chemistry
～Street Sounds of Naples, Italy～ Chemistry
meaning of tears Chemistry
Ordinary hero Chemistry
Now or Never Chemistry
So in Vain Chemistry
赤い云 白い星 Chemistry
～Interlude～ Chemistry
アシタヘカエル Chemistry
いとしい人 Chemistry
Good Day The Click Five
Just The Girl The Click Five
Catch Your Wave The Click Five
I’ll Take My Chances The Click Five
Friday Night The Click Five
Angel Yo You (Devil To Me) The Click Five
Resign The Click Five
I Think We’re Alone Now The Click Five
Pop Princess The Click Five
Time Machine The Click Five
Say Goodnight The Click Five
Like A Star Corrine Bailey Rae
Enchantment Corrine Bailey Rae
Put Your Records On Corrine Bailey Rae
Till It Happens To You Corrine Bailey Rae
Trouble Sleeping Corrine Bailey Rae
Call Me When You Get This Corrine Bailey Rae
Choux Pastry Heart Corrine Bailey Rae
Breathless Corrine Bailey Rae
I’d Like To Corrine Bailey Rae
Butterfly Corrine Bailey Rae
Seasons Change Corrine Bailey Rae
Bye My Darling! Crystal Kay
MAKE YOU MINE Crystal Kay
BET YOU DON’T KNOW Crystal Kay
Kiss Crystal Kay
Tears Crystal Kay
LOVE it TAKE it Crystal Kay
&BRAND-NEW Crystal Kay
Flowers Crystal Kay
Magic Crystal Kay
We Gonna Boogie Crystal Kay
Baby Cop feat.Mummy-D Crystal Kay
MY EVERYTHING Crystal Kay
Home Girls Crystal Kay
SHALL WE nori nori? D-51
DANCE AROUND D-51
HIBISCUS D-51
MISSING YOU D-51
DON NANI D-51
ORE TOMO D-51
SURVIVOR -BEAT PATROL MIX- D-51
BAKKANARU TIME D-51
あなたへ ~ A SONG FOR YOU D-51
HOPEFUL DAYS D-51
ALWAYS D-51
TOP OF THE SUMMER D-51
Dreamin’ on D-51
My favorite island D-51
������- D-51
MILLION NIGHTS D-51
Born singer】2 D-51
�匦���� D-51
����� D-51
Life is music D-51
BELIEVER D-51
Another DAY D-51
HARMONY D-51
We are ready ! D-51
LET’s TRY (STREET BAND VERSION) D-51
NO MORE CRY（SIMPLE POWER MIX） D-51
Song 6 Daniel Powter
Free Loop Daniel Powter
Bad Day Daniel Powter
Suspect Daniel Powter
Lie to me Daniel Powter
Jimmy gets high Daniel Powter
Styrofoam Daniel Powter
Hollywood Daniel Powter
Lost on the stoop Daniel Powter
Give me life Daniel Powter
Daniel Powter- dp - Bad Day daniel powter
Don’t Wait Dashboard Confessional
Reason To Believe Dashboard Confessional
The Secret’s In The Telling Dashboard Confessional
Stolen Dashboard Confessional
Rooftops and Invitations Dashboard Confessional
So Long, So Long Dashboard Confessional
Currents Dashboard Confessional
Slow Decay Dashboard Confessional
Dusk and Summer Dashboard Confessional
Heaven Here Dashboard Confessional
The One I Love David Gray
Photobooth Death Cab for Cutie
Technicolor Girls Death Cab for Cutie
Song for Kelly Huckaby Death Cab for Cutie
405 (acoustic) Death Cab for Cutie
company calls epilouge (altern Death Cab for Cutie
Marching Bands of Manhattan Death Cab for Cutie
Soul Meets Body Death Cab for Cutie
Summer Skin Death Cab for Cutie
Different Names for the Same T Death Cab for Cutie
I Will Follow You Into the Dar Death Cab for Cutie
Your Heart Is an Empty Room Death Cab for Cutie
Someday You Will Be Loved Death Cab for Cutie
Crooked Teeth Death Cab for Cutie
What Sarah Said Death Cab for Cutie
Brothers on a Hotel Bed Death Cab for Cutie
Stable Song Death Cab for Cutie
Bend to Squares Death Cab for Cutie
Pictures In An Exhibition Death Cab for Cutie
President Of What? Death Cab for Cutie
Champagne From a Paper Cup Death Cab for Cutie
Your Bruise Death Cab for Cutie
Sleep Spent Death Cab for Cutie
Face That Launched 1000 Shits Death Cab for Cutie
Amputations Death Cab for Cutie
Fake Frowns Death Cab for Cutie
Line of Best Fit Death Cab for Cutie
Steadier Footing Death Cab for Cutie
A Movie Script Ending Death Cab for Cutie
We Laugh Indoors Death Cab for Cutie
Information Travels Faster Death Cab for Cutie
Why You’d Want to Live Here Death Cab for Cutie
Blacking Out The Friction Death Cab for Cutie
I Was a Kaleidoscope Death Cab for Cutie
Styrofoam Plates Death Cab for Cutie
Coney Island Death Cab for Cutie
Debate Exposes Doubt Death Cab for Cutie
All is Full of Love Death Cab for Cutie
Stability Death Cab for Cutie
20th Century Towers Death Cab for Cutie
The New Year Death Cab for Cutie
Lightness Death Cab for Cutie
Title and Registration Death Cab for Cutie
Expo ’86 Death Cab for Cutie
The Sound of Settling Death Cab for Cutie
Tiny Vessels Death Cab for Cutie
Transatlanticism Death Cab for Cutie
Passenger Seat Death Cab for Cutie
Death of an Interior Decorator Death Cab for Cutie
We Looked Like Giants Death Cab for Cutie
A Lack of Color Death Cab for Cutie
Title Track Death Cab for Cutie
The Employment Pages Death Cab for Cutie
For What Reason Death Cab for Cutie
Lowell, MA Death Cab for Cutie
405 Death Cab for Cutie
Little Fury Bugs Death Cab for Cutie
Company Calls Death Cab for Cutie
Company Calls Epilogue Death Cab for Cutie
No Joy in Mudville Death Cab for Cutie
Scientist Studies Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 01 - President Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 02 - Champagne Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 03 - Pictures Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 04 - Hindsight Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 05 - That’s In Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 06 - Amputatio Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 07 - Two Cars Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 08 - Line Of B Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 09 - This Char Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 10 - TV Trays Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 11 - New Candl Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 12 - Tomorrow Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 13 - Flustered Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 14 - State Str Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 15 - Wait Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 16 - Prove My Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 17 - Song For Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab For Cutie - 18 - The Army Death Cab for Cutie
magic DEEN
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12 12-(GOING UNDER GROUND) Y GOING UNDER GROUND
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求动物或昆虫捕食的知识
食虫有袋类食性选择与猎物质量的相互关系
摘要 食虫有袋类是捕食多种昆虫的泛食性动物.同域的不同食虫有袋类同样选择鞘翅目、蜚蠊目、直翅目和膜翅目昆虫作为主要猎物但对同种昆虫猎物的捕食频率明显不同.食虫有袋类的食性具有季节转变现象.不同猎物昆虫质量之间的差异大多不显著但猎物昆虫的质量具有季节变化.食虫有袋类的食性选择与猎物质量、食性季节转变与猎物质量季节变化之间不存在显著相关关系.根据该结果以及最佳摄食理论，食性选择有可能受猎物可获得量或猎物体形大小的影响，值得今后进一步加以研究.
关键词 食虫动物，食性选择，猎物质量，摄食对策
中国图书分类号 Q 959.8， Q 958.12
The Dietary Selections of Insectivorous Marsupials and Their Relations to Prey Quality
Chen Xiaolin
(Dept. of Biol., Xiamen Univ., Xiamen 361005)
Abstract Insectivorous marsupials were generalists which consumed many different kinds of insects. Different sympatric insectivorous marsupials selected similarly Coleoptera, Blattodea, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera as their main prey， but their predatory frequencies on the same prey insect were significantly different. There were seasonal dietary shifts in the insectivorous marsupials. The differences among the most of the different prey qualities were not significant but there were seasonal variations in prey quality. The correlation between dietary selections and prey quality, and between seasonal dietary shifts and seasonal variations of prey quality was not significant. On the basis of these results and the optimal foraging theory, the dietary selections and seasonal dietary shifts of insectivorous marsupials should result from prey availability or prey size which thus is worth being further researched.
Key words Insectivores, Dietary selection, Prey quality, Foraging strategy
和大型食肉哺乳动物相比，食虫哺乳类由于体型小、具有较高代谢率和需要大量的能量，因此，食虫哺乳类不仅需要频繁摄食,相对摄食量较大，而且它们的捕食活动也具有高效率的特性〔1〕.
动物最佳摄食对策的研究是食性生态学的重点内容之一.解释动物最佳摄食对策的主要理论是最佳摄食理论.最佳摄食理论认为，由于自然选择的结果，捕食动物在摄食过程中（包括觅食、捕食和进食）所特有的最佳摄食对策应当是使净能量获得率达到最高〔2〕.有关食虫哺乳类的食性已经有了不少的研究，这些研究分别分析了有袋目、食虫目和翼手目等各种食虫哺乳类所捕食的猎物类型〔1,3～5〕，然而，至今为止，仅有少数学者对沙漠食虫动物或有袋类的食性与其猎物的关系进行了研究〔1,6〕.
本研究调查两种中、小型食虫有袋类所捕食的昆虫猎物种类，分析它们的食性选择以及食性的季节转变；测定其猎物昆虫的质量（含能值、含水量和灰分含量）；然后分析食虫有袋类是否对不同质量的猎物进行选择捕食，以及它们的食性季节转变与猎物质量季节变化的关系，从中了解食虫有袋类在选择猎物质量方面的摄食对策.
1 材料与方法
本研究在澳大利亚悉尼大学生命科学院完成.食性分析以袋鼬科的两种有袋类为研究动物.其中，球尾袋小鼠（Dasycercus cristicauda）的平均体重为100±22.5 g，小毛足袋小鼠（Sminthopsis youngsoni）的平均体重为10.3±1.7 g.两种袋小鼠分布于澳大利亚中部的辛普森沙漠（23°46′S, 138°25′E）.该地区为沙质土壤，并形成沙丘.主要植被为三齿稃属（Triodia spp.）和金合欢属（Acacia spp.）植物〔7〕.采用粪便分析方法检测猎物的种类和相对数量〔3〕.研究共检测球尾袋小鼠52只，小毛足袋小鼠42只.
在同一栖息地内，分别在不同季节采用网捕和手捕方法采集各种小环境中的昆虫种类.采集时，除鳞翅目昆虫仅采集幼虫外，其余各目昆虫均以成虫为采集对象.采集到的昆虫按照Zborowski等所提出的方法保活、运回实验室〔8〕.实验昆虫低温处死后在60℃条件下干燥至重量不变，再次称重以计算出含水量和干重〔9，10〕 .昆虫鉴定到目和科级分类水平〔11，12〕.用Phillipson微型氧弹热量计（Gentry Instrument, Inc.）连接SP-G3C Speedex记录仪（John Morris Scientific Pty Limited）及其相关测定方法测定昆虫样品的含能值.
表1 不同类型猎物昆虫的被捕食频率�
Tab. 1 Dietary occurrences of prey insect
目 被捕食频率/（%）
球尾袋
小鼠 小毛足袋
小鼠
鞘翅目（Coleoptera） 31.68a 16.00ab
膜翅目（Hymenoptera） 16.83ab 8.00b
蜚蠊目（Blattodea） 12.87ab 32.00a
直翅目（Orthoptera） 10.89ab 16.00ab
鳞翅目（Lepidoptera） 7.92b 4 .00b
等翅目（Isoptera） 4.95b 4.00b
双翅目（Diptera） 2.97b 8.00b
缨尾目（Thysanura） 2.97b 0.00
弹尾目（Collembola） 1.98b 4.00b
半翅目（Hemiptera） 1.98b 8.00b
虱 目（Phthiraptera） 1.98b 0.00
脉翅目（Neuroptera） 0.99b 0.00
竹节虫目（Phasmatodea） 0.99b 0.00
未能鉴别（Unidentified） 0.99b 0.00
*同列数据右上角标有不同字母表示差异显著
（P《0.05）食性的定量分析结果采用以下两种方式表示：猎物的被捕食频率(某种猎物的被捕食数量/所有被捕食猎物的总数量；猎物的出现频率(检出某种猎物的样本数/样本总数〔1，3〕.昆虫含能值用J/mg无灰干重(ash-free dry weight, AFDW)表示.方差分析时，百分率数据作反正弦数据转换〔3，13〕.相关系数的检验采用t检验法.采用SIGMASTAT计算机软件（Jandel Scientific for Windows, version 1.0）进行统计分析.
2 结 果
2.1 食虫有袋类对昆虫猎物的选择
从表1不同类型昆虫猎物的被捕食频率可以看出，球尾袋小鼠和小毛足袋小鼠都是以多种昆虫作为猎物.小毛足袋小鼠的食性范围比球尾袋小鼠稍窄一些，在小毛足袋小鼠的食性当中，不存在缨尾目、虱目、脉翅目和竹节虫目的猎物昆虫，但是这4个目的猎物昆虫也仅占球尾袋小鼠食性成分的6.93%.球尾袋小鼠和小毛足袋小鼠对不同类型猎物具有一定的选择性.球尾袋小鼠的主要猎物是鞘翅目昆虫，其次是膜翅目、蜚蠊目、直翅目昆虫等.小毛足袋小鼠的主要猎物是蜚蠊目昆虫，其次是鞘翅目、直翅目、膜翅目昆虫等.
2.2 食性选择与猎物昆虫质量的关系
表2显示球尾袋小鼠和小毛足袋小鼠所捕食的主要猎物昆虫的含能值和含水量的全年平均值，以及这些猎物昆虫在两种袋小鼠各季节食性当中的总出现频率.值得注意的是，表2猎物出现频率的总和并非等于100%，这是因为在1个样本当中经常是多种猎物同时存在；例如，本实验共检测球尾袋小鼠的52个样本，其中32个样本含有鞘翅目、17个样本含有膜翅目、13个样本含有蜚蠊目，根据计算公式，鞘翅目、膜翅目和蜚蠊目猎物的出现频率则相应为61.51%、32.69%和25%，显然它们的总和不可能等于100%.在表2当中，除了鳞翅目昆虫幼体的含能值较膜翅目昆虫高以外（P《0.05），大部分不同目昆虫之间的含能值差异不大（P《0.05），含能值的平均值为20.63 J/mg无灰干重.在含水量方面，只有鳞翅目昆虫的幼体显著地高于鞘翅目昆虫（P《0.05）.除了等翅目昆虫以外，其它不同目昆虫之间的灰分含量差异不显著.从表2可以看出，即使是同一类猎物昆虫，它在两种袋小鼠食性当中的出现频率并不平行.而且，猎物昆虫含能值、含水量或灰分含量的高低与其在球尾袋小鼠、小毛足袋小鼠食性当中出现频率的高低之间也不存在一定的关系（P《0.05）.
表2 主要猎物昆虫的质量及其在食虫有袋类食性当中的出现频率*
Tab.2 Food value of major prey insects and their occurrences in the diet of insectivorous marsupials
猎物昆虫类型 猎 物 质 量 出现频率/(%)
样本数 含能值
/(J/mgAFDW) 含水量
/(%) 灰分含量
/(%) 球尾袋
小 鼠 小毛足
袋小鼠
鞘翅目（Coleoptera） 134 21.3ab±2.32 62.6a±8.87 0.64a±2.30 61.54a 28.57ab
膜翅目（Hymenoptera） 26 18.4a±2.02 67.2ab±8.00 0.91a±1.61 32.69ab 14.29b
蜚蠊目（Blattodea） 46 20.1ab±1.67 71.1ab±5.2 1.77a±2.15 25.00ab 57.14a
直翅目（Orthoptera） 44 20.5ab±1.38 69.3ab±3.61 1.13a±1.44 21.15ab 28.57ab
鳞翅目（Lepidoptera） 12 21.9b±1.86 77.5b±5.7 2.55a±3.42 15.38b 7.14b
等翅目（Isoptera） 14 21.6ab±1.77 72.1ab±4.35 9.97b±6.2 9.62b 7.14b
*同列数据右上角标有不同字母表示差异显著（P《0.05）
2.3 食性转变与猎物质量变化的关系
图1进一步分析食虫有袋类的食性转变与其猎物质量变化的关系.在图1中，春、秋、冬3个季节的球尾袋小鼠检测样本数分别为15、13和24，鞘翅目的测定样本数分别为24、26和28，蜚蠊目则为10、10和12.从图中可以看出，球尾袋小鼠的食性及其猎物昆虫的质量具有季节变动.鞘翅目昆虫的秋季含能值高于春冬两季（P《0.05）.蜚蠊目昆虫的秋、冬两季含能值高于春季（P《0.05）.在含水量方面，鞘翅目昆虫的秋季低于春、冬两季（P《0.05），而蜚蠊目昆虫的含水量则没有明显的季节变化（P》0.05）.鞘翅目猎物昆虫在球尾袋小鼠食性中出现频率的最高季节为冬季，而蜚蠊目猎物昆虫则是在秋季较高（P《0.05）（图1）.但是，球尾袋小鼠食性的季节转变与其猎物质量的季节变化之间并不存在显著的相互关系（P》0.05）.
图1 食虫动物食性转变与猎物质量季节变化的关系
□鞘翅目(Coleoptera)
□蜚蠊目(Blattodea)
Fig.1 The dietary shifts of insectivores and their relationsto the seasonal variations of prey quality
3 讨 论
生活在干旱地区的球尾袋小鼠和小毛足袋小鼠都是捕食多种昆虫的食虫有袋类，属于泛食动物.而且这两种袋小鼠在捕食猎物昆虫时，具有一定的选择，其中鞘翅目、蜚蠊目、膜翅目、直翅目猎物昆虫占总捕食频率的72%左右.该结果与其它干旱地区食虫哺乳类、鸟类和爬行类的报道相一致〔4，14，15〕.干旱地区的食物资源种类和可获量随着降水量的季节变化而发生明显的改变.干旱地区的泛食动物具有较广的食性有利于捕获足够的猎物以满足生理需要，因此是对季节性变化环境的一种适应.另一方面，同域分布的食虫动物选择不同的猎物种类或在捕食相同猎物种类的频率上存在着差异，这种在共同资源利用的有限相似性有利于减少同域动物的种间竞争，从而使它们能够共存.
干旱是沙漠最明显的特征之一，因此，缺水成为威胁沙漠动物生存的主要因素〔4，6〕.本实验结果显示，大部分昆虫的含水量没有显著的差异；干旱地区食虫有袋类对猎物昆虫的选择与猎物昆虫含水量之间不存在直接关系；而且，食虫有袋类食性的季节转变也与猎物昆虫含水量的季节变化没有明显关系.食肉动物或食虫动物以动物为食物.动物性食物含有较高的水分能够满足食肉动物或食虫动物的生理需要.因此，猎物含水量不是食肉动物或食虫动物的食性选择或食性转变的主要影响因素.许多研究已经证实，单独饲喂昆虫、蜗牛或鼠类等动物性食物能够满足捕食动物的水分需要，即使在高温、不供水的条件下，动物性食物仍能保证捕食动物的正常生长〔16，17〕.
动物选择猎物的原因通常可以用动物的最佳摄食对策来解释.最佳摄食对策本质上取决于捕食动物能够从猎物身上获得多少的能量以及在寻找、捕获和进食猎物时的能量消耗量〔18〕.本实验结果表明，食虫动物对昆虫猎物的选择及其食性季节转变与其昆虫猎物含能值之间并没有直接的相互关系.因此，根据最佳摄食理论，食虫有袋类对昆虫猎物的选择及其食性季节转变的原因应当是在于减少寻找、捕获和进食猎物时的能量消耗量，由此提高净能量获得率，即摄食栖息地当中较为丰富的猎物，以减少寻找猎物所需要消耗的能量；或者捕食适当大小体形的猎物，以减少由于捕食猎物的困难所丧失的能量，同时从适当大的猎物身上获得最大总能量〔3，19〕.
本研究得到澳大利亚悉尼大学Dr.Dickman C R和Dr. Thompson M B的多方支持，谨此致谢!
作者单位：厦门大学生物学系 厦门 361005
参考文献
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Zborowski P, Storey R. A field guild to insects in Australia. Australia: Reed Books, 1995: 3～22
Norberg R A. Energy content of some spiders and insects on branches of spruce(Picea abies) in winter; prey of certain passerine birds. Oikos, 1978, 31: 222～229
Kumar A. Seasonal variations in the caloric contents of certain predatory insects in a village fish pond of Santhal Parganas (Bihar). J. Environmental Biol., 1996, 17: 59～62
Hawkeswood T. Beetles of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1987: 1～233
CSIRO. The Insects of Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1991: 1～1029
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Wapstra E, Swain R. Feeding ecology of the Tasmanian spotted skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata: Scincidae). Aust. J. Zool., 1996, 44: 205～213
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见http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.articles/xmdxxb/xmdx99/xmdx9905/990523.htm
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翻译一下要流畅速求
一个钢琴生产者的儿子，Elwyn Brooks White 出生在位于。。什么山的一个富裕的家庭。他被抚养得很好，他对于文章打分有着普遍的感觉，并且经验丰富。在纽约，White作为报纸报道者有一年的时间，那时他决定和朋友游遍整个国家。这次旅行给了White一生的轶事。“当他们花光了所有的钱，”White的朋友。James Thurber记录到，“他们为晚餐和汽油奔波，汽油用于一个有趣的音乐器械，那是White用一些金属丝和一只破鞋子制造的。”在中世纪1920年的时候，White回到了纽约，他荒废了几年的时间徘徊在找工作和失业的之中，之后他重新开始写作。开始不是很艰难，他发了一些文章给名叫纽约人的新杂志。这个杂志成立于1925年，并且一直在努力被读者发现，White的作品帮助纽约人这个杂志被读者所注意。他的文章曲折有趣，文章公平的讲述了社会名流和出租车司机，专家和修理工。通过这篇他写后将近五十年的文章，White给予了纽约人这本杂志声音和灵魂。
满意请采纳，谢谢
求民谣的英文介绍
Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. It has roots in traditional folk music, Celtic music, blues, gospel music, hokum, and old-time music and evolved rapidly in the 1920s.
In the Southwestern United States a different mix of ethnic groups created the music that became the Western music of the term country and western.
Country music has produced two of the top selling solo artists of all time. Elvis Presley, who was known early on as “The Hillbilly Cat” and was a regular on the radio program Louisiana Hayride, went on to become a defining figure in the emerging genre of rock ’n roll. Garth Brooks is one of the top-selling country artists of all time, and except for a short foray into non-country in the late 1990s, has remained in that genre.
While album sales of most musical genres have declined, country music experienced one of its best years in 2006, when, during the first six months of the year, U.S. sales of country albums increased by 17.7 percent to 36 million. Moreover, country music listening nationwide has remained steady for almost a decade, reaching 77.3 million adults every week according to the radio-ratings agency Arbitron Inc.
The term “country music“ is used to describe many styles, genres, or subgenres.
__________
Early history
Immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of the Old World along with them for nearly 300 years. The Irish fiddle, the German derived dulcimer, the Italian mandolin, the Spanish guitar, and the African banjo This early country music along with early recorded country music is often referred to as Old-time music.
Throughout the nineteenth century, several immigrant groups from Europe, most notably from Ireland, The United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and Italy moved to Texas. These groups interacted with the Spanish, Mexican, Native American, and U.S. communities that were already established in Texas. As a result of this cohabitation and extended contact, Texas has developed unique cultural traits that are rooted in the culture of all of its founding communities. The settlers from the areas now known as Germany and the Czech Republic established large dance halls in Texas where farmers and townspeople from neighboring communities could gather, dance, and spend a night enjoying each other’s company. The music at these halls, brought from Europe, included the waltz and the polka, played on an accordion, an instrument invented in Italy, which was loud enough to fill the entire dance hall.
Early recorded history
Columbia Records began issuing records with “hillbilly“ music (series 15000D “Old Familiar Tunes“) as early as 1924.
The origins of modern country music can be traced to two seminal influences and a remarkable coincidence. Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family are widely considered to be the founders of country music, and their songs were first captured at a historic recording session in Bristol, Tennessee/Bristol, Virginia on August 1, 1927, where Ralph Peer was the talent scout and sound recordist.
Rodgers fused hillbilly country, gospel, jazz, blues, pop, cowboy, and folk; and many of his best songs were his compositions, including “Blue Yodel” (Victor 21142
Beginning in 1927, and for the next 17 years the Carters recorded some 300 old-time ballads, traditional tunes, country songs, and Gospel hymns, all representative of America’s southeastern folklore and heritage.
One effect of the Great Depression was to reduce the number of records that could be sold. Radio, and broadcasting, became a popular source of entertainment, and “barn dance“ shows featuring country music were started all over the South, as far north as Chicago, and as far west as California. One of the most important of these shows was the Grand Ole Opry from 650 WSM in Nashville, TN. Some of the early stars on the Opry were Uncle Dave Macon, Roy Acuff, and African American harmonica player DeFord Bailey. WSM’s 50,000 watt signal (1934) could often be heard across the country.
Singing Cowboys, Western Swing, and Hillbilly Boogie
During the 1930s and 1940s Cowboy songs, or “Western music“, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Some of the popular singing cowboys from the era were, Gene Autry, the Sons of the Pioneers, and Roy Rogers.
Another “country“ musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a “hot string band”, and who also appeared in Hollywood Westerns was Bob Wills. His mix of “country“ and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, would become known as Western Swing. Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films. At the height of its popularity, Western Swing rivaled the popularity of other big band jazz.
Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had been played at Carnegie Hall, when Johnny Barfield recorded “Boogie Woogie“. The trickle of what was initially called Hillbilly Boogie, or Okie Boogie (later to be renamed Country Boogie), became a flood beginning around late 1945. One notable country boogie from this period was the Delmore Brothers’ “Freight Train Boogie“, considered to be part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards rockabilly. In 1948 Arthur “Guitar Boogie“ Smith achieved Top 10 US country chart success with his MGM Records recordings of “Guitar Boogie“ and “Banjo Boogie“, with the former crossing over to the US pop charts. Other country boogie artists include Merrill Moore, and Tennessee Ernie Ford. The Hillbilly Boogie period lasted into the 1950s, and remains as one of many subgenres of country into the twenty first century.
By the end of World War II “mountaineer“ string band music known as Bluegrass had emerged when Bill Monroe joined with Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, led by Roy Acuff at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee. Gospel music, too, remained a popular component of country music.
Another type of sripped down and raw music with a variety of moods and a basic ensemble of guitar, bass, dobro or steel guitar and sometimes drums became popular, especially among poverty striken white southerners. It became known as Honky Tonk and had its roots in Texas. East Texan Al Dexter had a hit with “Honky Tonk Blues“, and seven years later “Pistol Packin’ Mama“. These “honky tonk“ songs associated barrooms, were performed by the likes of Ernest Tubb, Ted Daffin, Floyd Tillman, and the Maddox Brothers and Rose, and Hank Williams, would later be called “traditional“ country.
In this post WWII period “country“ music was called “folk“ in the trades, and “hillbilly“ within the industry.
Many musicians performed and recorded songs in any number of styles. Moon Mullican played Western Swing, but also recorded songs that can be called rockabilly. Bill Haley sang cowboy songs, and was at one time a cowboy yodeler. Haley became most famous as an early player of rock n roll. Lefty Frizzell played in honky tonks Jimmie Rodgers-stylings to his environment, thus creating a sound that was very much his own.
The 1950s and 1960s
By the late 1940s, Nashville began to slowly integrate the popular big band jazz and swing sounds of top 40 radio with the honky tonk storytelling of country pioneers. Between 1947 and 1949, country crooner Eddy Arnold placed a total of 8 songs in the top 10.
The countrypolitan sound of Nashville
Beginning in the mid 50’s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the “Nashville Sound“ turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered on Nashville, Tennessee. Under the direction of producers such as Chet Atkins, Owen Bradley, and later Billy Sherrill, the “Nashville sound“ brought country music to a diverse audience and helped revive country as it emerged from a commercially fallow period. This sound was notable for borrowing from 1950s pop stylings: a prominent and “smooth“ vocal, backed by a string section and vocal chorus. Instrumental soloing was de-emphasized in favor of trademark “licks“. Leading artists in this genre included Patsy Cline, Jim Reeves, and later Tammy Wynette and Charlie Rich. The “slip note“ piano style of session musician Floyd Cramer was an important component of this style. Peter Dempsey was also active during this period.
Rockabilly
1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. The number 2, 3, and 4 songs on Billboard’s charts for that year are: Elvis Presley “Heartbreak Hotel“, Johnny Cash “I Walk the Line“, and Carl Perkins “Blue Suede Shoes“.
What is now most commonly referred to as rockabilly was most popular with country music fans in the 1950s, and was recorded and performed by country musicians. Within a few years many rockabilly musicians returned to a more mainstrean style, or had defined their own unique style.
By the end of the decade, backlash as well as traditional artists such as Ray Price, Marty Robbins, and Johnny Horton began to shift the industry away from the Rock n’ Roll influences of the mid-50’s.
Bakersfield Sound
Located 112 miles (180 km) north north west of Los Angeles, Bakersfield, California gave rise to one of the next genres of country music. This sound grew out of hardcore honky tonk with elements of Western swing, and was influenced by one time West Coast residents Bob Wills and Lefty Frizzell. By 1966 it was known as the Bakersfield Sound. The Bakersfield Sound relied on electric instruments and amplification, in particular the Telecaster electric guitar, more than other subgenres of country of the era, and can be described as having a sharp, hard, driving, no-frills, edgy flavor. Leading practitioners of this style were Buck Owens, Merle Haggard, Tommy Collins, and Wynn Stewart, each of whom had his own style.
Changing instrumentation in the mid twentieth century
Drums
Drums were scorned by early country musicians as being “too loud“ and “not pure“, but by 1935 Western Swing big band leader Bob Wills had added drums to the Texas Playboys. In the mid 1940s, The Grand Ole Opry did not want the Playboys’ drummer to appear on stage. Although drums were commonly used by rockabilly groups by 1955, the less-conservative-than-the-Grand Ole Opry Louisiana Hayride kept their infrequently-used drummer back stage as late as 1956. By the early 1960s, however, it was rare that a country band didn’t have a drummer.
Electric guitar
Bob Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938.
Not Nashville
In 1962 Ray Charles surprised the pop world by turning his attention to country & western music, topping the charts and rating # 3 for the year on BillBoard’s pop chart with the “I Can’t Stop Loving You“ single, and recording the hugely popular album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.
Outlaw Country
Derived from the traditional and Honky tonk sounds of the late 50’s and 60’s, including Ray Price (whose band, the “Cherokee Cowboys“, included Willie Nelson and Roger Miller) and mixed with the anger of an alienated subculture of the nation during the period, outlaw country revolutionized the genre of Country music.
“After I left Nashville (the early 70s), I wanted to relax and play the music that I wanted to play, and just stay around Texas, maybe Oklahoma. Waylon and I had that outlaw image going, and when it caught on at colleges and we started selling records, we were O.K. The whole outlaw thing, it had nothing to do with the music, it was something that got written in an article, and the young people said, ’Well, that’s pretty cool.’ And started listening.“ (Willie Nelson)
The term “Outlaw Country“ is traditionally associated with Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, and Billy Joe Shaver, and was encapsulated in the 1976 record Wanted! The Outlaws.
Country Rock
The late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres. In the aftermath of the British Invasion, many desired a return to the “old values“ of Rock n’ Roll. At the same time there was a lack of enthusiasm in the Country sector for Nashville-produced music. What resulted was a crossbred genre known as Country Rock.
Early innovators in this new style of music included Rock n’ Roll icon band The Byrds (while Gram Parsons was the front man) and its spin-off The Flying Burrito Brothers, Commander Cody, and The Eagles.
Subsequent to the initial blending of the two polar opposite genres, other offspring soon resulted, including Southern Rock and Heartland Rock.
In the decades that followed, artists such as Alabama and Linda Ronstadt moved Country farther towards rock influence.
Country-Pop
Country Pop or soft pop, with roots in both the countrypolitan sound and in soft rock, is a subgenre of country music that first emerged in the 1970s. Although the term first referred to country music songs and artists that crossed over to top 40 radio, country pop acts are now more likely to cross over to adult contemporary.
Country pop found its first widespread acceptance during the 1970s. It started with Pop music singers, like Glen Campbell, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, and Anne Murray having hits on the Country charts. Campbell’s “Rhinestone Cowboy“ was among one of the biggest crossover hits in Country music history. These Pop-oriented singers thought that they could gain higher record sales and a larger audience if they crossed over into the Country world.
In 1974 Olivia Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, won the “Best Female Country Vocal Performance“ as well as the Country Music Association’s most coveted award for females, “Female Vocalist of the Year“. In the same year, a group of artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers. The debate raged into 1975, and reached its apex at that year’s Country Music Association Awards when reigning Entertainer of the Year, Charlie Rich (who himself had a series of crossover hits), presented the award to his successor, John Denver. As he read Denver’s name, Rich set fire to the envelope with a cigarette lighter. The action was taken as a protest against the increasing pop style in country music.
In 1980 country music was popularized by the film Urban Cowboy starring John Travolta and spurred on by Dolly Parton’s movie 9 to 5. Among other songs “Urban Cowboy“ featured “The Devil Went Down to Georgia“ by the Charlie Daniels Band.
Willie Nelson had three songs in the Billboard top 5 in the early eighties: Always On My Mind (1982), To All The Girls I’ve Loved Before with Julio Iglesias; (1984) both at #1, and Highwayman with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, and Kris Kristofferson at #5 in 1985. The #1 hit in 1953 was Shelly West’s barn burning Jose Cuervo.
Other developments
In the mid 1990s country western music was influenced by the popularity of line dancing. This influence was so great that Chet Atkins was quoted as saying “The music has gotten pretty bad, I think. It’s all that damn line dancing.“ By the end of the decade, however, at least one line dance choreographer complained that good country line dance music was no longer being released.
One infrequent, but consistent theme in country music is that of proud, stubborn independence. “Country Boy Can Survive“ are more light-hearted variations on the theme.
There are at least four U.S. cable networks at least partly devoted to the genre: CMT (owned by Viacom), CMT Pure Country (also owned by Viacom), Rural Free Delivery TV (owned by Rural Media Group) and GAC (owned by The E. W. Scripps Company). The original American country music video cable channel was TNN (The Nashville Network). The channel was launched in the early 1980s. In 2000, the channel was renamed and reformatted to TNN (The National Network), which was a general-interest network to compete with USA Network, TNT, and Superstations, such as TBS and WGN. Subsequently, The National Network became Spike TV, the first network for men.
关于锻炼的英语谚语
生命在于运动,锻炼为我们的健康带来了许多好处,以下是我为你整理的关于锻炼的英语谚语，欢迎大家阅读。
关于锻炼的英语谚语
Reading is to the mind while exercise to the body.读书健脑，运动强身。
Reading is to the mind while exercise to the body.读书健脑，运动强身。
Life lies in movement.生命在于运动。
Success belongs to the persevering.坚持就是胜利。
Still water run deep.静水常深。
Strike the iron while it is hot.趁热打铁。
Wealth is nothing without health.失去健康，钱再多也没用。
There is no medicine against death.没有长生不老药。
Reading is to the mind while exercise to the body.读书健脑，运动强身
Soon learn, soon forgotten.学得快，忘得快。
Soon ripe, soon rotten.熟得快，烂得快。
Speech is silver, silence is gold.能言是银，沉默是金。
water dropping day by day wears the hardest rock away.滴水穿石。
关于锻炼的英语谚语拓展摘抄
Cleanliness is next to godliness. 清净近乎神圣。
Clothes make the man. 人要衣装，佛要金装。
Come what may, heaven won’’t fall. 船到桥头自会直。
Comfort is better than pride. 安慰胜过傲慢。
Coming events cast their shadows before them. 山雨欲来风满楼。
Compare your grievs with other men’’s and they will seem less. 你的悲痛与人比，悲痛就会轻一些。
Comparisons are odious. 人比人，气死人。
Confession is the first step to repentance. 悔罪先须认罪。
Confidence of success is almost success. 对成功抱有信心，就近乎成功。
Conquer of fear of death and you are put into possession of your life. 不怕死，然后才能生。
Constant dropping wears away a stone. 滴水穿石。
Content is better than riches. 知足常乐。
Content is happiness. 知足常乐。
Conversation makes one what he is. 言如其人。
Councils of war never fight. 主战者不打仗。
Counsel after action is like rain after harvest. 放马后炮。
Counsel must be followed, not praised. 忠告必须照办，而不是赞美。
Count not your chickens before they are hatched. 不要过早乐观。
Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue. 勇敢和决心是美德的灵魂。
Courtesy costs nothing. 谦虚恭敬，不用分文。
Cowards are cruel. 懦夫不仁。
Credit, like a looking-glass, broken once, is gone, alas! 信誉像镜子，破碎无法补。
Creditors have better memories than debtors. 放债人的记性比借债人好。
Crows do not pick crow’’s eyes. 同室不操戈。
Cry up wine and sell vinegar. 挂羊头，卖狗肉。
Cry with one eye and laugh with the other. 口不应心。
关于锻炼的英语谚语拓展精选
Danger is next neighbour to security. 危险是安全的近邻。
Danger itself is the best remedy for danger. 危险本身就是对付危险的最好办法。
Dead men tell no tales. 死人不会搬弄是非。
Death is the grand leveller. 凡人都要死，大家都一样。
Death meets us everywhere. 死亡到处和我门相遇。
Death pays all debts. 人死百债了。
Death when it comes will have no denial. 死亡来临时，无可抗拒之。
Deeds, no words. 不要光说不练。
Debt is better than death. 负债总比死亡强。
Deeds are fruits; words are but leaves. 行动是果实，言语只是树叶而已。
Deeds are males, and words are females. 言柔弱无能，行刚强有力。
Deep rivers move in silence, shallow brooks are noisy. 深水静静流，浅溪潺潺流。
Delays are dangerous. 坐失良机必有忧患。
Deliberate before you begin, then execute with vigour. 著手前要深思熟虑，执行要果断有力。
Deliberate in counsel, prompt in action. 考虑要仔细，行动要迅速。
Deliberating is not delaying. 慎思不是拖延。
Deliver not your words by number but by weight. 言不在多，而在有物。
Depend on others and you always repent. 依靠别人总要后悔。
Despair gives courage to a coward. 人急造反，狗急跳墙。
Destruction pursues the great. 树大招风。
Devil must be driven out with devils. 以毒攻毒。
Dexterity comes by experience. 熟练来自经验。
Diamond cut diamond. 强中更有强中手。
关于锻炼的英语谚语拓展推荐
Call no man happy until he dies. 盖棺才能定论。
Can the leopard change his spots? 江山易改，本性难移。
Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋，带来好运气。
Care brings grey hair. 忧虑催人老。
Care killed the cat. 忧虑伤身。
Cast not out the foul water till you bring in the clean. 清水未来，莫泼赃水。
Cast not your pearls before swine. 明珠莫投暗。
Catch the bear before you sell his skin. 大事未成时，莫开庆功宴。
Cats hide their paws. 大智若愚，大巧若拙。
Caution is the parent of safety. 谨慎小心是安全之源。
Chains of gold are stronger than chains of iron. 金链锁人比铁炼更牢靠。
Change lays not her hand upon truth. 真理不变。
Charity begins at home, but should not end there. 仁爱须由近及远。
Cheat’’s never proper. 欺骗决非正当事。
Cheek brings success. 和气生财。
Cheerful company shortens the miles. 旅有好旅伴，不觉行程远。
Cheerfulness and goodwill make labour light. 欢快与好意，劳动不觉累。
Childhood shows the man, as morning shows the day. 看人看年少，看天看破晓。
Children and fools cannot lie. 孩子和傻子，不会说谎话。
Children and fools speak the truth. 孩子和傻子，说的是真话。
Children are the parents’’s riches. 子女是父母之财富。
Choice of the end covers choice of the means. 选择目的包含著选择手段。
Choose an author as you choose a friend. 选书如择友。
Choose a wife rather by your ear than your eye. 选妻，最好用耳莫用眼。
Christmas comes but once a year. 佳节良辰，机会难得。
Circumstances are therulers of the weak, instrument of the wise. 弱者困于环境，智者利用环境。
最简单的英语手抄报谚语
【文章导读】 谚语是短小，广为人知的俗语，表达一种普遍真理或信仰。 以下关于英语谚语 ，希望你会喜欢。
A common danger causes common action. 同仇敌忾。
A constant guest is never welcome. 久住非佳宾，常来不欢迎。
A contented mind is perpetual feast. 知足常乐。
A covetous man is good to none but worse to himself. 贪婪的人对别人毫无好处，对自己却坏处更大。
A crafty knave needs no broker. 狡猾的流氓，不需居间人。
A creaking door hangs long on its hinges. 户枢不蠹。
Action is the proper fruit of knowledge. 行动是知识的巧果。
Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
A discontented man knows not where to sit easy. 不满足者坐无宁时。
A disease known is half cured. 病情确诊断，治病好一半。
Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public. 在私底下要忠告你的朋友，在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。
A dog will not howl if you beat him with a bone. 骨头打狗狗不叫。
Adversity is a good discipline. 苦难是磨练人的好机会。
Adversity leads to prosperity. 逆境迎向昌盛。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich. 患难使人聪明，但不能致富。
Be honest rather clever. 诚实比聪明更要紧。
Being on sea, sail; being on land, settle. 随遇而安。
Be just to all, but trust not all. 要公正对待所有的人，但不要轻信所有的人。
Believe no tales from the enemy. 切莫轻信敌人。
Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow. 前程虽远大，现实尤可贵。
Better an empty purse than an empty head. 宁可钱袋瘪，不要脑袋空。
Better an open enemy than a false friend. 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
Better are small fish than an empty dish. 有胜于无。
Better be alone than in bad company. 交损友不如无友。
Better be out of the world than out of fashion. 不合潮流不如脱离尘世。
Better be poor than wicked. 宁可做穷人，不要做坏人。
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 宁为犬首，不作狮尾。
Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse. 宁为驴头，不为马尾。
Better deny at once than promise long. 轻诺必寡信。
Circumstances are therulers of the weak, instrument of the wise. 弱者困于环境，智者利用环境。
Civility costs nothing. 礼貌不须什么代价。
Cleanliness is next to godliness. 清净近乎神圣。
Clothes make the man. 人要衣装，佛要金装。
Come what may, heaven won’’t fall. 船到桥头自会直。
Comfort is better than pride. 安慰胜过傲慢。
Coming events cast their shadows before them. 山雨欲来风满楼。
Compare your grievs with other men’’s and they will seem less. 你的悲痛与人比，悲痛就会轻一些。
Comparisons are odious. 人比人，气死人。
Confession is the first step to repentance. 悔罪先须认罪。
Confidence of success is almost success. 对成功抱有信心，就近乎成功。
Conquer of fear of death and you are put into possession of your life. 不怕死，然后才能生。
Constant dropping wears away a stone. 滴水穿石。
Content is better than riches. 知足常乐。
Content is happiness. 知足常乐。
Conversation makes one what he is. 言如其人。
Councils of war never fight. 主战者不打仗。
Counsel after action is like rain after harvest. 放马后炮。
Counsel must be followed, not praised. 忠告必须照办，而不是赞美。
Count not your chickens before they are hatched. 不要过早乐观。
Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue. 勇敢和决心是美德的灵魂。
Depend on others and you always repent. 依靠别人总要后悔。
Despair gives courage to a coward. 人急造反，狗急跳墙。
Destruction pursues the great. 树大招风。
Devil must be driven out with devils. 以毒攻毒。
Dexterity comes by experience. 熟练来自经验。
Courtesy costs nothing. 谦虚恭敬，不用分文。
Cowards are cruel. 懦夫不仁。
Danger is next neighbour to security. 危险是安全的近邻。
Danger itself is the best remedy for danger. 危险本身就是对付危险的最好办法。
Dead men tell no tales. 死人不会搬弄是非。
Death is the grand leveller. 凡人都要死，大家都一样。
Death meets us everywhere. 死亡到处和我门相遇。
Death pays all debts. 人死百债了。
Death when it comes will have no denial. 死亡来临时，无可抗拒之。
Deeds, no words. 不要光说不练。
Debt is better than death. 负债总比死亡强。
Deeds are fruits; words are but leaves. 行动是果实，言语只是树叶而已。
Deeds are males, and words are females. 言柔弱无能，行刚强有力。
Deep rivers move in silence, shallow brooks are noisy. 深水静静流，浅溪潺潺流。
Delays are dangerous. 坐失良机必有忧患。
Deliberate before you begin, then execute with vigour. 著手前要深思熟虑，执行要果断有力。
Deliberate in counsel, prompt in action. 考虑要仔细，行动要迅速。
Deliberating is not delaying. 慎思不是拖延。
Deliver not your words by number but by weight. 言不在多，而在有物。
Diamond cut diamond. 强中更有强中手。
Diet cures more than the doctor. 药补不如食补。
Diligence is near success. 勤奋近乎成功。
Diligence is the mother of good luck. 刻苦是成功之母。
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. 链条的坚固程度取决于它最薄弱的.环节。
A change of work is as good as a rest. 调换一下工作是很好的休息。
A cheerful wife is the joy of life. 快乐的妻子是生活的乐事。
A clean hand wants no washing. 身正不怕影子斜。
A clear conscience is a soft pillow. 问心无愧，高枕无忧。
A clear conscience is a sure card. 光明磊落，胜券在握。
A clear conscience laughs at false accusations. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。
A clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast. 宁为清贫，不为浊富。
A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入，祸从口出。
A cock is valiant on his own dunghill. 夜郎自大。
Believe not all that you see nor half what you hear. 眼见的不能全信，耳闻的也不能半信。
Believe somebody on his bare word. 人言无据，切勿轻信。
Benefits please like flowers, while they are fresh. 恩泽让人欣喜，犹如鲜花使人心醉。
Be prepared to put one’’s hand in one’’s pocket. 准备慷慨解囊。
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing. 选择朋友要审慎，摒弃更要审又慎。
Be slow to promise and quick to perform. 不轻诺，诺必果。
Be swift to hear, slow to speak. 多听少说。
Better a bachelor’’s life than a slovenly wife. 过光棍生活，胜过有一个邋遢老婆。
Better ask twice than lose you way once. 宁愿问路两次胜过迷路一次。
Better a glorious death than a shameful life. 忍辱贪生不如死得光荣。
Better a little fire to warm us, than a great one to burn us. 适量的火好取暖，熊熊烈火能焚身。
简单介绍 Country / Folk 流派
这是截自freedictionary 有关country music 的资料，文太长，其余的已发消息给你了。您按需要自己整理一下吧！
Country music, the first half of Billboard’s country and western music category, is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States. It has roots in traditional folk music, Celtic music, blues, gospel music, hokum, and old-time music and evolved rapidly in the 1920s. The term country music began to be used in the 1940s when the earlier term hillbilly music was deemed to be degrading, and the term was widely embraced in the 1970s, while country and western has declined in use since that time.
In the Southwestern United States a different mix of ethnic groups from Mexico, the British Isles, Germany, and the Czech Republic created the music that became the Western music of the term Country Western.
Country music has produced two of the top selling solo artists of all time. Elvis Presley, “The Hillbilly Cat”, appeared on the Louisiana Hayride for three years, went on to help define rock ‘n’ roll, and became known as “The King.” Garth Brooks, except for a short foray into non-country near the end of his recording career, recorded and performed country music and is one top selling solo artist.
As of 2007, country is the most popular radio format in America, reaching 77.3 million adults--almost 40 percent of the adult population--every week.
Country music is a catch-all category that embraces several different music genres. Each style is unique in its execution, use of rhythms, and its chord structures. Country music subgenres include:
• Nashville sound (the pop-like music very popular in the 1960s);
• bluegrass, a fast mandolin, banjo, and fiddle-based music popularized by Bill Monroe and by Flatt and Scruggs;
• Western, which encompasses traditional Western cowboy campfire ballads and Hollywood cowboy music made famous by Roy Rogers, The Sons of the Pioneers, and Gene Autry;
• Western swing, a sophisticated dance music popularized by Bob Wills;
• the Bakersfield sound which used the new Fender Telecaster guitars, a big drum beat, and dance style music that would catch your attention like “a freight train running“ (Buck Owens) (popularized by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard);
• outlaw country made famous in the 1970s by Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Billy Joe Shaver, David Allan Coe, Jerry Jeff Walker, Mickey Newbury, Kris Kristofferson and Hank Williams, Jr.;
• Cajun and zydeco;
• honky tonk;
• Old-time music;
• rockabilly;
• neotraditional country.
Early history
Immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of the Old World along with them for nearly 300 years. The Irish fiddle, the German derived dulcimer, the Italian mandolin, the Spanish guitar, and the African banjo were the most common musical instruments. The interactions among musicians from different ethnic groups produced music unique to this region of North America. Appalachian string bands of the early 20th century primarliy consisted of the fiddle, guitar, and banjo. This early country music along with early recorded country music is often referred to as Old-time music.
Throughout the nineteenth century, several immigrant groups from Central Europe and the British Isles moved to Texas. These groups interacted with the Spanish, Mexican, Native American, and U.S. communities that were already established in Texas. As a result of this cohabitation and extended contact, Texas has developed unique cultural traits that are rooted in the culture of all of its founding communities. The settlers from the area now known as Germany and the Czech Republic established large dance halls in Texas where farmers and townspeople from neighboring communities could gather, dance, and spend a night enjoying each other’s company. The music at these halls, brought from Europe, included the waltz and the polka, played on an accordion, an instrument invented in Italy, which was loud enough to fill the entire dance hall.
Early recorded history
Columbia Records began issuing records with “hillbilly“ music (series 15000D “Old Familiar Tunes“) as early as 1924. A year earlier on June 14, 1923 Fiddlin’ John Carson recorded “Little Log Cabin in the Lane“ for Okeh Records. Vernon Dalhart was the first country singer to have a nationwide hit in May of that same year with “The Wreck of Old ’97“. Other important early recording artists were Riley Puckett, Don Richardson, Fiddlin’ John Carson, Al Hopkins, Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers and The Skillet Lickers. The steel guitar entered country music as early as 1922, when Jimmie Tarlton met famed Hawaiian guitarist Frank Ferera on the West Coast.
The origins of modern country music can be traced to two seminal influences and a remarkable coincidence. Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family are widely considered to be the founders of country music, and their songs were first captured at a historic recording session in Bristol, Tennessee/Bristol, Virginia on August 1, 1927, where Ralph Peer was the talent scout and sound recordist.
Rodgers fused hillbilly country, gospel, jazz, blues, pop, cowboy, and folk; and many of his best songs were his compositions, including “Blue Yodel”, which sold over a million records and established Rodgers as the premier singer of early country music.
Beginning in 1927, and for the next 17 years the Carters recorded some 300 old-time ballads, traditional tunes, country songs, and Gospel hymns, all representative of America’s southeastern folklore and heritage.
Singing Cowboys, Western Swing, and Hillbilly Boogie
During the 1930s and 1940s Cowboy songs, or “Western music”, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Some of the popular singing cowboys from the era were, Gene Autry, the Sons of the Pioneers, and Roy Rogers.
Another “country” musician from the Lower Great Plains had become very popular as the leader of a “hot string band”, and who also appeared in Hollywood Westerns was Bob Wills. His mix of “country” and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, would become known as Western Swing. Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popluar bands and appeared in films. At the height of its popularity, Western Swing rivaled the popularity of other big band jazz.
Country musicians began playing boogie in 1939, shortly after it had been played at Carnegie Hall, when Johnny Barfield recorded “Boogie Woogie“. The trickle of what was initially called Hillbilly Boogie, or Okie Boogie (later to be renamed Country Boogie), became a flood beginning around late 1945. One notable country boogie from this period was the Delmore Brothers’ “Freight Train Boogie“, considered to be part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards rockabilly. In 1948 Arthur Smith achieved Top 10 US country chart success with his MGM Records recordings of “Guitar Boogie“ and “Banjo Boogie“, with the former crossing over to the US pop charts. The Hillbilly Boogie period lasted into the 1950s, and remains as one of many subgenres of country into the 21st century.
Honky Tonk
Perhaps no other style of country music has had a greater influence on today’s artists than the style known as Honky Tonk. Honky Tonk music embodied the spirit of dancing and drinking, and of loving and then losing the one you love. Its greatest practitioners owe their singing style to Jimmie Rodgers and much of the music to the steel guitar and drums of Bob Wills and Western Swing.
Hank Williams
Jimmie Rodgers is a major foundation stone in the structure of country music, but the most influential artist who was influenced by Rogers is undoubtedly Hank Williams, Sr. During the years 1949 through 1953, Williams had 7 songs in Billboard’s annual Top 5 Country singles, and of the 66 songs recorded under his own name, an astonishing 37 were hits. His songs have been not only been covered by many country artists, they have also been recorded by jazz, pop, and rhythm and blues. Examples of those who reintrepreted his songs are: Tony Bennett (1951), Bob Dylan, jazz diva Norah Jones, crooner Perry Como, R&B star Dinah Washington, and British punk band, The The. Songs such as “Cold, Cold Heart“ and “I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry“ have long been pop standards.
Williams had two personas: as Hank Williams he was a singer-songwriter and entertainer; as Luke the Drifter, he was a songwriting crusader. The complexity of his character was reflected in the introspective songs he wrote about heartbreak, happiness and love such as I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry and Your Cheating Heart; and more upbeat numbers about Cajun life (“Jambalaya“) or cigar store Indians (“Kaw-Liga“).
Lefty Frizzell
Acquiring the nickname ’Lefty’ after disposing of several opponents with his left hand during an unsuccessful attempt to become a Golden Gloves boxing champion, the Corsicana, Texas-born (1928) singer-songwriter-guitarist began life as William Orville Frizzell.
A childhood performer, at 17 he could be found playing the honky-tonks and dives of Dallas and Waco, molding his early, Jimmie Rodgers-stylings to his environment, thus creating a sound that was very much his own. In 1950, Frizzell exploded onto the charts with, “If You’ve Got the Money, I’ve Got the Time“, claiming a chart position for some 20 weeks..
In the history of Country Music, a direct line can be drawn from Jimmie Rodgers to Lefty Frizzell to Merle Haggard to George Strait. Their styles and themes are similar but each has added something new to the genre.
The 1950s and 1960s
By the late 1940’s, Nashville began to slowly integrate the popular big band jazz and swing sounds of top 40 radio with the honky tonk storytelling of country pioneers. Between 1947 and 1949, country crooner Eddy Arnold placed a total of 8 songs in the top 10.
The countrypolitan sound of Nashville
Beginning in the mid 50’s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the “Nashville Sound“ turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered on Nashville, Tennessee. Under the direction of producers such as Chet Atkins, Owen Bradley, and later Billy Sherrill, the “Nashville sound“ brought country music to a diverse audience and helped revive country as it emerged from a commercially fallow period. This sound was notable for borrowing from 1950s pop stylings: a prominent and ’smooth’ vocal, backed by a string section and vocal chorus. Instrumental soloing was de-emphasised in favor of trademark ’licks’. Leading artists in this genre included Patsy Cline, Jim Reeves, and later Tammy Wynette and Charlie Rich. The “slip note“ piano style of session musician Floyd Cramer was an important component of this style.
Rockabilly
1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. The number 2, 3, and 4 songs on Billboard’s charts for that year are: Elvis Presley “Heartbreak Hotel“, Johnny Cash “I Walk the Line“, and Carl Perkins “Blue Suede Shoes“. Cash and Presley would place songs in the top 5 in 1958 with #3 Guess Things Happen That Way/Come In, Stranger by Cash, and #5 by Presley Don’t/I Beg Of You.
What is now most commonly referred to as rockabilly was most popular with country music fans in the 1950s, and was recorded and performed by country musicians. Within a few years many rockabilly musicians returned to a more mainstrean style, or had defined their own unique style.
By the end of the decade, backlash as well as traditional artists such as Ray Price, Marty Robbins, and Johnny Horton began to shift the industry away from the Rock n’ Roll influences of the mid-50’s.
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