本文目录
- 英语里怎么区分定语和补语呢
- 该怎么分辨定语、状语、表语
- 如何区分定语从句和宾语从句
- 定语从句中的引导词怎么用
英语里怎么区分定语和补语呢
定语起修饰和限定作用,补语起补充说明作用。
定语修饰主语和宾语,补语紧作用于宾语。
概念不好懂,例句好懂。
上句的smiling作定语修饰girl,
下句的smiling作补语对宾语girl进行补充说明。
我们还可以通过分析句型确定定语和补语。
根据上图可见,根据句子中动词的作用的不同,简单句可分为5种。
定语可存在于全部简单句中
补语只存在于主谓宾宾补结构的简单句中
定语
定语是修饰主语或宾语的成分:
主谓结构
A beautiful girl is walking toward me.
一位美女向我走来。
主谓宾结构
I will visit my elder brother next week.
下周我将会去拜访我哥哥。
主谓双宾结构
I will buy you an expensive present.
我会为你买一个贵重的礼物。
主谓宾宾补结构
I see a beautiful girl dancing.
我看到一位美丽的女孩正在跳舞。
主系表结构
This tall boy is our captin.
这名高个子男孩是我们的队长。
补语
补语的全名是宾语补足语,所以它仅仅作用于宾语。
补语是在主谓宾不能构成句子,需要补充说明时才会出现。比如例句1,我听到鸟儿们...句意不全,必须补上补语,在唱歌。
可见补语一直在末尾,紧跟宾语,和定语的差别还是很明显的。
该怎么分辨定语、状语、表语
先说定语吧。
定语是构成英语句子的一个重要成分,是用来修饰限定句子中的名词的,可以说“哪里有名词,哪里就可以有定语成分”。
它的形式可以是单个单词形式,多数为形容词,动词分词,少数为副词,动名词,不定式,名词,还可以是短语,句子(又叫定语从句)。
它在句子中的位置是名词前或名词后,基本规则为单个词作定语,放在名词前,短语或定语从句作定语,放在名词后。
定语经常翻译成汉语为,“……的(名词)”。
举例:He is a determined boy. determined单个形容词作定语,修饰名词boy,放在名词boy前, 译为“一个有决心的男孩”。
He is a boy with determination. with determination 短语作定语, 修饰名词boy, 放在名词后,译为“一个有决心的男孩”。
He is a boy who is always determined. 定语从句作定语,修饰名词boy, 放在名词后,译为“一个总是很有决心的男孩。”
再说表语。
表语是英语句子中系动词后面所跟的成分,这时整个句子为“主语+系动词+表语”结构,表语主要是说明主语是什么,什么样,在哪儿等意义的。
表语的形式可以是名词,形容词,副词,动名词,不定式,介词短语,或句子(又叫表语从句)。
举例:His aim is to enter a key university. 不定式作表语,说明主语“他的目标”是什么。
或者 His aim is that he can enter a key university. 从句作表语,说明主语“他的目标”是什么。
最后说状语。
状语是英语句子中比较次要的一个成分,状语的主要意义在于说明句子中谓语动词发生的时间,地点,方式,程度,伴随状况等等。
状语通常为句子(又叫状语从句),短语,副词,分词等,一个句子中可以有多个状语成分。
状语的位置比较灵活,可以在句前,句中,句末。
举例: Yeterday he was driving fast in the highway when he heard a strange noise.
以上句子中yesterday, fast ,in the highway, when he heard a strange noise 都是句子中的状语成分,分别修饰句中谓语动词drive 的时间,方式,地点。
如何区分定语从句和宾语从句
区别很简单,就是定语和宾语的区别。
更确切的说,就是从句作定语和从句做宾语的区别。
所以,首先要把握定语和宾语的概念。
定语:修饰和限定名词,修饰成分,
宾语:动作的承受者,主干成分,
以例子说明:
句子中,
a beautiful修饰和限定了girl,是定语
girl是动词met的承受方,是宾语。
知道了定语和宾语的差别,定语从句和宾语从句的差别就很容易判断了。
看上面两个例句,
第一个,从句 whom I want to marry 修饰the girl,是定语,所以是定语从句
第二个,从句 I want to marry her 谁也不修饰,它本身是被告诉的内容,是宾语,所以是宾语从句。
所以,辨别就这么简单:
第一步,找出从句,
第二步,确定从句的作用,
起什么作用便是什么从句。不但定语从句和宾语从句可以这么辨别,其它的全部复合句,包括状语从句,主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,都一样。
最后,请辨别马丁路德金这句最著名的话是什么从句:
答案是同位语从句套定语从句。
dream后的that统领后面的全部,that后面是dream的内容。
同位语里还嵌套了一个定语从句,引导词是where,where后面的全部,修饰他想让自己的四个孩子生活在什么样的国家。
定语从句中的引导词怎么用
如何选择定语从句的引导词?
一、定语从句的引导词有关系代词who, whom,whose,which,that, as;关系副词when, where,why。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。
1.定语从句中缺主语,修饰人时用who /that,修饰物时用which /that引导。如:
Is this the factory which /that makes TV sets?
The man who /that visited our school is from Australia.
2.从句中缺宾语,修饰人时用 who /whom /that或省略引导词;修饰物时用which /that或省略引导词。如:
Gone are the days which /that we spent together in the village.
He is the man who /whom /that I think to be worthy of our praise.
3.从句中缺时间状语,用when或介词+which引导。如:
The day finally came when /on which I was given a job.
We’ll put off the outing until next week,when we won’t be so busy.
4.从句中缺地点状语,用where或介词+which引导。如:
Please put the letter on the desk where /on which he can easily find it.
5.从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时,引导词用why /for which / that。如:
This is the reason why /for which / that he didn’t come to the meeting.
6.从句中缺定语,人和物都用 whose引导。如:
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.
7.当先行词是way时,其定语从句的引导词用in which /that。如:
The way in which /that he looks at problems is wrong.
二、引导词as可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句。
1.在固定词组the same...as,such...as中,as引导限制性定语从句。如:
He is not such a fool as he looks.
I’ve bought the same dress as she is wearing.
2.当先行词是整个主句时,可用 as /which引导非限制性定语从句。引导词as和which的区别在于:
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后,而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。
②as常与从句中的know,see, hear,expect等动词连用,也常用于as often happens,as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中;而which一般不用于以上情况。
③as有“正如”的含义,which没有此含义。如:
As is well known,Shanghai is a big city.
Some of the roads were flooded, which made our journey more difficult.
三、关系代词who,whom,whose, which和as能引导非限制性定语从句,而that不能;非限制性定语从句中即使缺宾语,引导词也不能省略;关系副词when,where能引导非限制性定语从句,而why不能。如:
Abraham Lincoln,who led the United States through the Civil War years,was shot on April 14,1865.
四、先行词是物时,其引导词可用 which也可用that,通常情况下二者可互换,但在有些情况下不能。
1.用which不用that引导定语从句的三种情况:
①非限制性定语从句用which,不用that引导。如:
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.
②先行词为that时,为了避免重
复,定语从句用which不用that引导。如:
That which you borrowed from me wasn’t a real diamond necklace.
③介词后用which不用that引导。如:
The method with which you solved the problem is very good.
2.用that不用which的七种情况:
①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,用 that不用which引导。如:
This is the best place that I have ever visited.
The second question that is asked is why we don’t fall off the earth.
②先行词为little,much,all,none,few,(the)one, something,everything,nothing,anything等不定代词时,用that引导。如:
There is nothing in the world that can frighten him.
③先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时,用 that引导。如:
He told us about the people and the cities that he had visited.
④先行词前有any,all,no,few,every,some,little, much,(the)very,(the)only,(the)last等词修饰时,用 that引导。如:
This is the very coat that I need.
Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn?
⑤先行词为which时,为了避免重复,用that引导。如:
Which is the book that you bought yesterday?
⑥先行词在从句中作表语时,常用that引导。如:
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930’s.
⑦当主句是There be...句型时,用that引导。
There are two tickets for the film that are for you two.
五、在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致;当one前有the only修饰时,从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致。如:
He was one of the students who were late for class.
He was the only one of the students who was late for class.
六、引导词前有介词或短语介词时,修饰人只能用 whom,修饰物只能用which引导。如:
My glasses,without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
The man,by whom the wolf was shot,is called Jackson.
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